Systems can have independent modules {separability} {component separability} {module separability}. Modules are element groups. Connected-node groups can have few connections to rest of system. Modules are information-processing functions, which transfer input to output. Module outputs are input to other modules and same module. Module-relation pattern determines how modules communicate and affect each other {correspondence rule, module}.
Many systems have lower-level and higher-level components {component hierarchy} [Pattee, 1973] [Pattee, 1995].
Hierarchies always have conflicts {conflict, hierarchy} between subsystems at same level. Higher agents settle conflicts using laws, policies, communication, power, compromise, and mediation.
3-Computer Science-System Analysis
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Date Modified: 2022.0225